With the ongoing situation in Ukraine and increasing discussions about the F-16's role in this conflict, we take a historical perspective on suppression of enemy air defense (SEAD) missions within Western military doctrine. Known as Wild Weasels, this narrative highlights innovation, risk, and the evolution of aerial combat strategies through advanced tactics and support.

Origins and Initial Developments:

The Wild Weasel concept was born during the Vietnam War when the United States Air Force (USAF) faced significant enemy air defenses, notably newly introduced surface-to-air missiles (SAMs). These missiles represented a critical threat to American aircraft, prompting an urgent need for a solution. Consequently, the USAF established specialized squadrons using F-100F Super Sabres equipped with radar detection systems to identify and suppress SAM locations. Over the years, the program has progressed, integrating new aircraft, weaponry, and tactics to enhance operational effectiveness.

The F-100F Super Sabre:

The F-100F Super Sabre, designated as the Wild Weasel I, was the first aircraft utilized for SEAD operations. With its specialized electronic countermeasures (ECM) and radar detection systems, the F-100F was capable of identifying enemy radar signals. Upon discovering a SAM site, Wild Weasel pilots would guide strike aircraft to neutralize the threat or engage the enemy defenses directly.

The F-105 Thunderchief:

As the Vietnam conflict escalated, the F-100F was succeeded by the more advanced F-105 Thunderchief, also known as the Wild Weasel II. The F-105 was equipped with advanced radar-homing missiles, such as the AGM-45 Shrike, allowing it to engage enemy SAM sites from a safer distance. It featured enhanced ECM systems, increasing its ability to evade enemy radar.

The F-4G Phantom II:

With the introduction of more sophisticated Soviet SAM systems, the USAF recognized the necessity for even more capable Wild Weasel aircraft. This need led to the development of the F-4G Phantom II, also known as the Wild Weasel IV. Equipped with a wide array of sensors and advanced electronic warfare tools, including the AGM-88 High-Speed Anti-Radiation Missile (HARM), the F-4G emerged as a powerful opponent against enemy air defenses, notably utilized during the first Gulf War.

Modern-Day Wild Weasels:

As technology continued to advance, so did the capabilities of Wild Weasel aircraft. The F-16 Fighting Falcon, modified to the Wild Weasel V configuration, represents the latest evolution in this lineage. The F-16 Wild Weasels utilize cutting-edge sensors, jammers, and the AGM-88 HARM missile, enabling them to accurately locate and neutralize enemy radar and missile threats.

Beyond Aircraft: The Evolution of SEAD Tactics.

Throughout their history, the Wild Weasel community has not only embraced technological advancements but has also developed innovative tactics. They employ electronic deception, decoys, and intricate mission planning to mislead and distract enemy air defenses. Collaborating with other aircraft, such as electronic warfare platforms and strike fighters, has further enhanced the effectiveness of coordinated SEAD operations.

While early Wild Weasel missions relied on simpler weaponry, modern advancements have led to stealthier airframes, superior offensive electronics, and improved situational awareness in the battlefield. Consequently, the arsenal has evolved to include the latest anti-radar missiles, such as the AGM-88 AARGM. A notable scene from the classic film "Flight of the Intruder" illustrates the earlier Shrike model's capability to home in on signals even if they cease transmitting during an attack. The more advanced iterations of the AGM-88 also feature this ability. During the first Gulf War, US pilots recounted instances where transmitting the brevity code "Magnum," indicating an AGM-88 launch, was enough to prompt ground-based air defense systems to cease transmission to avoid an incoming missile.

EW and ECM:

While earlier discussions have addressed Electronic Warfare (EW), it is essential to highlight its significance in SEAD missions. However, delving too deeply into classified systems and tactics poses challenges. Nevertheless, some commonly known aspects can be discussed.

Utilizing dedicated EW aircraft offers distinct advantages. The EA-6B Prowler, a Cold War icon, has evolved into the EA-18 Growler, a two-seat fighter capable of carrying advanced jamming pods and software for identifying and classifying electronic emitters, including mobile devices.

The Growler’s ability to track and geo-locate systems allows it to operate dynamically, identifying and classifying targets before engaging them or relaying the information along the kill chain. While SEAD missions often involve fourth-generation platforms, stealthy airframes like the F-35A provide a strategic advantage against integrated air defense systems. The Growler's tactics are expected to evolve further with the introduction of next-generation jamming pods specifically designed for its platform. Earlier versions of the Growler utilized the same AN/ALQ-199 jamming pod from the Cold War-era Prowler, necessitating the development of a dedicated system. Next-generation jamming pods are being designed to operate across different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, offering enhanced capabilities.

Looking Ahead: Airpower Teaming System & MALD.

Before concluding, it is worth addressing one of the most significant advancements in air power: the integration of drones, decoys, and loyal wingman systems. While decoys like the ADM-160 MALD have existed for some time, the incorporation of artificial intelligence and modular payloads has led to the development of systems such as Boeing’s MQ-28 Ghost Bat, also referred to as the "Loyal Wingman." Unlike the MALD, these larger platforms can operate alongside fighters like the F-35 in a semi-autonomous manner. Equipped with interchangeable weapons and communication payloads, the Ghost Bat can conduct operations deep behind enemy lines, retaining the ability to launch weapons while maintaining its stealth profile.

The Ghost Bat remains under development by both the Australian and US governments, meaning much of the information surrounding it remains classified. However, the potential of assets like the ADM-160 suggests that as the MQ-28 continues to evolve, so too will the tactics and platforms of Wild Weasels.

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