Chapter 1: Introduction to Conduct Disorder

In a prior discussion, I introduced the concept of conduct disorder. The initial inquiry was, “What is conduct disorder?” This was soon followed by the critical question: “What leads to its development?” What factors contribute to its emergence, and what are the underlying causes?

Section 1.1: Genetic and Hereditary Influences

Current research is ongoing in the domain of genetics to ascertain whether a particular gene may be linked to aggression. Evidence suggests that hereditary factors might play a role in the transmission of aggressive traits.

Section 1.2: Impact of Perinatal Complications

Complications during pregnancy and childbirth can result in neuropsychological challenges for the child, potentially leading to conduct disorder.

Section 1.3: Cognitive and Verbal Deficits

Children who struggle with recalling verbal instructions or utilizing language to reason about their actions might resort to aggression to navigate social interactions. Longitudinal studies have indicated that low verbal intelligence during childhood can predict ongoing antisocial behavior over time (Farrington & Hawkins, 1991; Lahey et al., 1995; Lynam & Henry, 2001). Additionally, verbal deficits have been observed in preschool boys referred to clinics for oppositional defiant disorder (Speltz et al., 1999).

Such communication challenges can lead to negative educational experiences, ultimately harming a child’s self-esteem.

Section 1.4: The Role of Social Environment

The social environment, including experiences with peers, is an area of keen interest for psychologists. Children predisposed to aggression often misinterpret neutral behaviors as hostile and gravitate towards aggressive solutions in social situations. This pattern can stem from early exposure to violence, such as documented instances of aggression in preschool settings, which correlate with behavioral issues in later schooling.

Section 1.5: Parenting Styles and Family Dynamics

Parents of children exhibiting behavioral issues often display inconsistent rule-setting and vague commands. Their reactions may fluctuate based on mood, leading to a lack of engagement with their child's positive behaviors. When a parent responds negatively to mild oppositional behavior, it can inadvertently reinforce the child's aggressive reactions, creating a cycle of escalation.

Research shows that harsh and punitive parenting correlates with behavioral problems in children. Moreover, exposure to domestic violence can further exacerbate aggression, as family conflicts impact a child's emotional regulation. For instance, a child might suppress their emotions during family disputes, leading to misinterpretations of social situations and ineffective conflict resolution strategies.

Repeated exposure to family discord can lower a child's threshold for emotional dysregulation, resulting in heightened stress responses. Children may also imitate aggressive behaviors observed in their parents during disagreements.

Chapter 2: Concluding Thoughts

Understanding the multifaceted causes of conduct disorder in adolescents highlights the importance of addressing both genetic and environmental factors, as well as the critical role of parenting and family dynamics in shaping a child's behavior.